Student Misconceptions...

I often wonder how effective we can be as teachers if we don’t first get an indication of what students misunderstand. I did a lot of work with Dynamic Classroom Assessment, George Bright and Jeane Joyner’s work and they talk about four ways to think about students’ written responses. They differentiate among “Communicating an Understanding”, “Communicating a Misunderstanding”, “Miscommunicating an Understanding”, and “Miscommunicating a Misunderstanding”. If we think about student work in terms of these categories then I believe it also means we need to have multiple representations for which we can determine whether there is understanding or not, and if it is computational or procedural, conceptual or representational.

Think about the students who submitted the following work (I am recreating it here but have not changed any of the students’ notations):

Which of the following procedures results in a larger numerical answer?

1 ½ ÷ ¾   or 1 ½ x ¾

Student A: They are the same because division is just the opposite of multiplication.

Student B: 1 ½ x ¾ because multiplication always gives a bigger answer.

Student C: They are the same because in division you just change the sign and multiply.

What was interesting is the fact that none of the students actually computed the quotient or product to allow them to check their thinking.

In talking with these students I asked them what it means to divide. None of the three students was able to articulate that division is used to determine how many equivalent groups into which a dividend can be arranged, nor given a number of groups what makes a fair share for each of the groups.

I am convinced that conceptual understanding must be developed rather than giving students “cutesy” sayings like “keep, change, flip”.  How might we, as teachers, develop a stronger conceptual model to deepen student understanding of division and then division by a fraction?  Please post your thoughts and I will be reading them and posting a follow-up to this in the next couple of weeks.

Anne

Welcome to our blog!

The Center for Mathematics Achievement director, Anne M. Collins and staff Steve Yurek, Katie Aspell, and Matt Rogers welcome you to our center, our blog and our inaugural post. We are dedicated to transforming mathematics from rote recitation, symbolic manipulation, and procedural prowess to engaging student-centered experiences that build conceptual understanding, emphasize the inclusion of multiple representations and knowing which representation best represents a situation, and computations which can be justified, and through which the reasonableness of the solutions is discussed.

So, let’s look at an example. In my research, I have queried thousands of students to solve the following equation:

3 + 4 = ∆ + 5

The most common responses include   3 + 4 = 7 + 5; 3 + 4 = 7 + 5 = 12; and 3 + 4 = 7 + 5 = 17. One, thankfully the only one, actually neglected to honor the equal sign altogether and illustrated their thinking with something along the lines of the following:

3 + 4 = 7 + 5

7 + 11 +12 + 5

18 + 12 + 5

30 + 5

35

All of the solutions are incorrect but for different reasons. I contend that if, when equations were first introduced they were done so with balance beams, pan balances, counters, number lines, or algeblocks the misconceptions would not have occurred and intervention or remediation would be unnecessary.

Students who understand that an equation is simply two equivalent expressions set equal to each other would have little difficulty in solving such a simple equation. If taught, however, as a procedure then difficulties and misconceptions arise.

Let’s examine how parallel number lines might have prevented the expressed misconceptions.

                                                          3 + 4 = ∆ + 5

 

So, as you can see, this blog intends to discuss mathematical concepts, student misconceptions and ways in which to avoid them, share interesting problems, and discuss any and all mathematics issues of interest to our followers. We welcome you to comment on this post and/or to begin a new thread. We are looking forward to our on-going discussions and learning together as a community!

Anne